With this constitution derived ³⁰ from `Omar's Faith and his clear understanding of the Qur'an, and based upon the teachings and preachings of his master, Allah's Peace and Blessings be upon him, `Omar began his age which marked a new epoch ³¹ in the history,

Not only of the Muslims, but of the whole world at large. After `Omar, the whole world has never seen his equal as a governor, nor has it known the like of him as a man. He was unique in everything, so much so that some of those who had been dazzled <sup>32</sup> by his wonderful qualities, have assumed <sup>33</sup> that he was but a myth <sup>34</sup> invented by some intelligent Muslim writers, and that no human being could be of such a baffling  <sup>35</sup> personality. But those who know `Omar's life very well will not be so baffled. They will always remember how `Omar was chosen by Allah to strengthen Islam in response to the Prophet's prayer and request to his Lord to choose the nearer and more beloved to Him for that purpose; and they will always remember his sound <sup>36</sup> counsels to the Prophet, and the several wonderful situations and cases in which the Archangel <sup>37</sup> Gabriel came down with Allah's revelation in support and confirmation of what he said; and they will al ways remember his conversion to Islam, and how it paralysed <sup>38</sup> the inimical <sup>39</sup> activity of Quraish, and stopped their inhuman castigation <sup>40</sup> of the first poor and weak Muslims. They will always remember `Omar's daring power, his transparent honesty, his inspired opinions and counsels, his patronage and protection of the Muslims in Makkah before his emigration to Madinah, his heroic strife ⁴¹ in the first battles against disbelief, and, in short, his most integral ⁴² personality that has always baffled, and will remain to baffle, the whole world, until Allah inherits the earth and all on it. Such a great man with all those wonderful qualities knew where to take his place in the presence of the Prophet, Allah's Peace and Blessings be upon him. He was his servant, disciple, companion and counsellor, and from him he could learn a great deal. And when the Prophet passed away, after nominating Abu-Bakr to lead the Muslim congregration ⁴³ in the prayers during his illness, `Omar, most willingly and submissively, took his place beside Abu-Bakr, the first Caliph, as his servant, companion and counsellor. `Omar believed in the Prophet's declaration that Abu-Bakr's faith was weightier ⁴⁴ than the faith of the whole "Ummah" (Muslim community), including `Omar. And ,Omar would never forget Abu-Bakr's stand against apostasy <sup>45</sup> and the apostates' <sup>46</sup> riot, <sup>47</sup> after the Prophet had passed away. Such a stand will immortalize Abu-Bakr who, seeing `Omar tending to leniency towards the apostates, held him from the neck and said, with all the power of Faith, "Coercive ⁴⁸ in your Pre-Islamic days, and strengthless now) `Omar By Allah, if they (the apostates) abstain ⁴⁹ from paying the slightest thing they used to pay to the Prophet, I will fight them for that as long as the sword remains in my hand." Had it not been for that faithful powerful attitude of Abu-Bakr's, Islam would have come to a tragic end, and become part of an old-world history. And we are told that it was Abu-Bakr alone, from among all the Prophet's companions, who heard Gabriel revealing to Muhammad:

"Indeed, you will not guide those whom you love, but Allah guides whoever He wishes." [ The Glorious Qur'an: Chapter "Al-Qasas", Verse 56.] That was on the occasion of Abu-Talib's death. And it was Abu Bakr who sacrificed all his wealth to Allah and His Messenger, and bought the enslaved ⁵⁰ weak Muslims, like Bilal-ibn-Rabah, and offered them their freedom, making them his brethren in Islam, the religion of Allah that condemns ⁵¹ slavery in all its forms. And it was Abu-Bakr who, alone, gained the title of "The All- Truthful Friend", and who was chosen by the Prophet to accompany him in his emigration to Madinah, and to stay hiding with him in the cave of Thawr. And it was Abu-Bakr about whom the Prophet said:

"Indeed Allah, above His Heavens, hates to see that Abu-Bakr is considered at fault." No other companion of the Prophet's reached that rank of a man who usod to say: "If one of my feet is inside Paradise, and the other outside it, I will not be safe from Allah's shrewdness." ⁵² This was the great man who succeeded the Prophet after he had passed away. And had Abu Bakr lasted longer as the first Caliph of the Muslims, the newly-established Muslim State would have reached a status ⁵³ never to be matched by any other state in the world, old and new. But Allah had ordained that that aspired status would be reached at the hands of `Omar, the Second Caliph and the Commander of the Faithful.

We have seen `Omar addressing the Muslims the very day he was elected ⁵⁴ Caliph. In this address we have a pledge and a confidence: a pledge from the ruler and Commander upon himself to be responsible for every soul and everything in his state, providing them with every means of security and freedom; and a confidence, from the depth of the heart, of the Muslims in their ruler and Commander. And in between the pledge and the confidence, internal reforms and external conquests ⁵⁵ came one after the other in rapid succession ^56. 

`Omar was the ideal Muslim ruler who had all the great ability to hold the balance of justice with a very steady and powerful hand. This justice, the like of which the world has never known so far, was a combination of several sources: a part of it `Omar did in -herit from his ancestors; ⁵⁷ another part he did derive ⁵⁸ from the over-all constitution of his personality; a third part he did acquire from the experiences of his life; and the most important part he did gain from the instructions of his religion; and all these component ⁵⁹ parts of his justice made of him the man who was feared and reverred ⁶⁰ by all other men, and the ruler in whom all his people found not only their security, but their freedom as well.

Justice, in its simplest and purest sense, is equality among the people in rights and obligations, ⁶¹ in the execution ⁶² of punishments and in giving rewards; no distinction between the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak, those who are kinsmen to the ruler and those who are otherwise. And `Omar's justice was not an exception. As the Head of the State, he felt himself responsible for every soul and everything existent on the land of Islam. This is why he treated all the Muslims alike; not only that: but he treated all the people under his rule, Muslims or otherwise, alike. And he reached the summit <sup>63</sup> of justice when he dealt with his own sons as he did with any other members of his community indiscriminately <sup>64</sup> . The best evidence in this respect is the story of his own son `Abdur-Rahman. Narrators state that `Abdur-Rahman ibn-Omer got drunk one evening with a friend of his while they were in Egypt. In the morning they felt rueful <sup>65</sup> of what they had done the night before, and decided to go to `Amr ibnul-'As, the Governor of Egypt, and ask him to chasten ⁶⁶ them by executing the legal punishment ⁶⁷ upon them. Disliking to punish the Caliph's son publicly, `Amr scourged <sup>68</sup> `Abdur-Rahman in the patio ⁶⁹ of his house. The news at once reached `Omar in Madinah. He was greatly irritated, <sup>70</sup> and wrote to `Amr ibnul `As reprimandingly, <sup>71</sup> commanding him to send `Abdur-Rahman at once to Madinah, which thing `Amr immediately did, writing to the Caliph regret fully, and confirming that he had punished his son in the same way as he punished everybody else, under the same circumstances, in the patio of his house. But `Omar did not accept that justification, ⁷² nor did he approve of the legal punishment inflicted upon his son by `Amr. He waited until `Abdur-Rahman reached Madinah, sick and terribly fatigued ⁷³ of the journey. Yet `Omar did not care; he rather handled the Islamic Law, and administered <sup>74</sup> the punishment upon his son in public. And narrators say that some time after the punishment, `Abdur-Raliman's health deteriorated; ⁷⁵ and when his father saw him in the throes ⁷⁶ of death, he did nothing more than say to him: "If you meet my master, the Messenger of Allah, Peace and Blessings be upon him, tell him that your father administers the legal punishments, and observes ⁷⁷ the bounds ⁷⁸ Allah has placed on man's actions."

With `Amr ibnul-'As again there is another incident in which `Omar's justice is practised in a manner that has surprised and baffled the whole world. `Amr's son was one day racing with an Egyptian youth of his age, when the latter outdistanced <sup>79</sup> the Governor's son in the race. But `Amr's son was displeased, and beat the Egyptian saying to him: "How dare you outdistance the son of the most notable parents?" ⁸⁰ the Egyptian went to the Caliph in Madinah and presented his grievance ⁸¹ at which `Omar sent for `Amr and his son to come to Madinah at once. When they arrived `Omar said to the Egyptian in public: "Now beat the son of the most notable parents." Then, turning to `Amr ibnul-'As, `Omar gave his everlasting <sup>82</sup> utterance: <sup>83</sup> "How dare you enslave people who have been born free?!" This was always `Omar's policy with all his vicegerents ⁸⁴ and walis ⁸⁵ and he insisted on following that policy, and never hesitated to be so firm and stern, giving them no opportunity, under any circumstances, to deviate ⁸⁶ from the right path, or yield to any kind of corruption. ⁸⁷

`Omar's relationships and policy with his vicegerents used to be clearly defined in such addresses to the people as: "Brethren of Islam! Let me confirm to you that I have not sent you vicegerents to flog <sup>88</sup> your bodies or usurp your properties. But I always send them to you to teach you the principles and values of your religion, as well as the tradition of your Prophet. If they do otherwise, let your grievances reach me at once, and, by Him in Whose Hand is my soul, I will certainly retaliate <sup>89</sup> upon them...." Such a declaration on the part of `Omar must needs turn the people into real censors ⁹⁰ upon their rulers, and create constructive ⁹¹ criticism which would always lead them to follow the right path, otherwise complaint after complaint would reach the Caliph who would never be lenient with any of his walis.

Besides being the Caliph and Commander of the whole Muslim Community, `Omar was a direct and actual ruler of Madinah, the Capital of the Muslim empire that was to come very soon and emerge <sup>92</sup> as one of the greatest empires the world had ever known. Through his direct rule in Madinah, `Omar set up the ideal government which has been surprising and baffling to the whole world up till the present day. World history and world historians have tired ⁹³ themselves in trying to reach the depths of that wonderful personality that the rulers at all times and in all places have been aspiring to imitate. ⁹⁴ Omar was a man who undertook to care for both the private and public conditions of all Muslims and Non-Muslims alike, thus giving the example to all rulers throughout history, those who consider themselves greater than the surface transitory ⁹⁵ problems of their people.

How about a ruler, like `Omar, who used to walk `about at night to explore ⁹⁶ the conditions of his people, and get information about how they were living? Such walks were always a blessing to the whole community. In one of those walks, and in the silence of midnight, he heard a woman complaining of her husband's absence away from her and chanting: ⁹⁷

"O by God, had it not been for my fear of Allah, this bed would have been shaken to its foundations by some illicit ⁹⁸ act committed on it." At once `Omar went to his daughter Hafsa and asked her:"How long can a woman endure the pain of her husband's absence?" And Hafsa replied: "A month, two, three, till a maximum of four months."

Upon that, the very conscientious, equitable ⁹⁹ and merciful ruler sent for the woman's husband to come back home from the Holy War he had been joining. Moreover, a command was given to all husbands taking part in any Holy War not to be away from their wives any longer than four months.

And how about the story of the milk woman-seller, and her argument with her God-fearing daughter? The mother wanted her daughter to adulterate ¹⁰⁰ the milk by mixing it with water. The daughter protested saying that it was immoral ¹⁰¹ to do it. But then the mother said that nobody, not even `Omar himself, would see them while they were adulterating the milk, upon which the daughter shouted that if `Omar did not see them, `Omar's God, the Knower, the Cognizant and <sup>102</sup> the Seer would do. `Omar was happy to hear that, and went straight away to his house where he called his sons to come before him. He asked for the one of them who had not been married yet, and told him that he had chosen his bride for him. The son welcomed the choice, and the bride was no other than the milk-woman's daughter. Years passed and this milk- woman's daughter, `Omar's daughter-in-law, gave birth to a baby: a little girl who grew up, and was married to `Abdulaziz-ibn-Marwan, to give him, and the whole world with him, the fifth orthodox ¹⁰³ caliph of Islam: `Omar-ibn-'Abdulaziz.

And how about the story of the hungry children whom `Omar heard crying with pain, because they could not find what to eat? Their old mother was sitting powerless, not knowing what to do, except to invoke <sup>104</sup> God against `Omar, complaining of him to the Just. When he knew what they needed, he himself went and brought a sack ¹⁰⁵ of flour and a container of oil, carried them on his back and refused to let anybody else carry them for him saying "Nobody will carry off my sins for me on the Day of Judgment." He went to the old woman, helped her to prepare food for her children, and remained with them until the children ate and then went to bed. The old woman's gratitude was such that she said to `Omar, not knowing who he was: "In the morning, I will go to `Omar and tell him that if `Omar had forgotten us, Allah had not, but had rather sent you to help us and save the children." `Omar's response ¹⁰⁶ was nothing more than this: "When you go to `Omar, you will find me there."

And how about the story of `Omar and the horse? He once bought a horse, and after riding it for a while, in order to try it, he found that there was a defect in it. So he wanted to return it to its owner, thinking that the latter might have deceived him, but the man refused to take his horse back. Nothing did the Commander of the Faithful do, except to lodge <sup>107</sup> his complaint with a judge against the horse-seller who decided to choose the judge himself, and he actually chose a man with the name of "Shuraih", a judge well-reputed to be very equitable. `Omar stood before the judge, who, having studied the case and listened to both men, gave his verdict addressing `Omar:

"Take away what you have bought or give it back as unimpaired ¹⁰⁸ and flawless ¹⁰⁹ as when you took it." What did `Omar do then? Did he give commands that the judge be kept in jail? Did he discharge ¹¹⁰  him from his post? No. He was rather happy to hear the verdict, ¹¹¹ and, looking at the judge he said, "Jurisdiction ¹¹² is none but this." Then he awarded ¹¹³ Shuraih for his justice by appointing him as the "Judge of Koufah", a post many reputable judges, then, aspired to take.

And how about the story of the Yamanite cloths? When those cloths came in quantities from Yaman, `Omar distributed them equally in public among the people. Some days later he was seen wrapped ¹¹⁴ in a garb that matched with his size, which meant that he had taken for himself more cloth than he had given everybody else. One day, with that long garb on,

`Omar went up the pulpit ¹¹⁵ to address the people and urge them to join the Holy War. He started his address saying:

"O Brethren! Listen and obey."

But instead of being answered with warm shouts and loud applause, a strong voice was heard saying to him:

"No listening and no obedience."

And `Omar, very calmly, looked at the speaker, who chanced to be `Abdur-Rahman ibn-'Awf, a well-known companion of the Prophet's, and said:

"Why? May Allah have mercy on you!" `Abdur-Rahman ibn-'Awf, with a daring confidence, said:

"Supposedly you took the same length of the cloth as you gave each one of us. How, then, have you had that garb tailored ¹¹⁶ to you when you are taller than anyone of us? You must have favoured ¹¹⁷ ourself with more cloth."

In defence of himself, `Omar summoned his son `Abdullah to explain how all that had happened, and `Abdullah proceeded forward to declare that he had relinquished <sup>118</sup> his share of the cloth to his father, to allow him to have a suitable garb tailored for him to meet the people in. Upon hearing that, `Abdur-Rahman ibn-'Awf, now being convinced and calmed down, said to `Omar.

"Now we listen and obey." And how about the story of the woman's dowry? ¹¹⁹ In an address to the people, `Omar advised them not to exaggerate ¹²⁰ in paying the dowry. But in a very daring and astonishing argument, which is strange to the world of today, a woman raised her voice addressing the Commander of the Faithful:

"O`Omar! How have you forgotten Allah's Revelation:

"And if you want to substitute a wife for another wife, and had given one a qintar (about 45 kilo grams) (of gold), take back nothing of it. Would you take it by slander, and a manifest wrong?" [ The Glorious Qur'an: Chapter: "Al-Nissa'a", verse 20.]

`Omar kept silent for a while, and after deliberating ¹²¹ the woman's logical argument, he said to himself and to the people, as though to let the whole world hear and man's history record:

"This is where a woman is right, and that is where `Omar has made a mistake. O 'Omar!

All the people know better than you do!"

And how about `Omar's private life at home? His household had to suffer a great deal in their attempts to keep in conformity <sup>122</sup> with the master's commands and desires. `Omar's wife lived as any other wife did. She was not allowed to eat sweets. As almost every body else did, `Omar used to light at night a small torch in the light of which he considered the affairs of the State. But if anybody went to talk to him about private matters, having nothing to do with the State's affairs, he put out the light of the torch, as it was a special property of the State. Nobody had the right to use it in private matters.

Whenever he wanted to command the people to do or not to do something, `Omar always started with his household. He used to gather them and address them saying:

"Everybody has an eye upon you, as the bird of prey ¹²³ on the flesh. I swear that if any prohibition is done by any of you, he or she shall be doubly punished." Because of the little subsistence ¹²⁴ he allocated ¹²⁵ for himself from the Treasury, `Omar had to resort to trade for his and the household's livelihood. He used to borrow money, and very often did he find himself in difficulty, so much so that many times did he find himself unable to pay back his debts in time. Yet the debtors were not tolerant ¹²⁶ and always kept on asking and asking for the repayment of their debt! without any consideration of the man's post or circumstances.

And when 'omar was in the throes ¹²⁷ of death, nothing could distract ¹²⁸ him from asking about his debts, or commanding his son `Abdullah to pay them back saying: "If the property of `Omar's family is sufficient for paying back the debts, that will do; otherwise, ask Banu-Adiy. If they fail to do it, ask Quraish, and do not go farther than that." But `Abdur-Rahman ibn-'Awf, who was present, suggested that those debts could be borrowed from the Treasury, and paid back to their owners, till they were brought back to the Treasury. `Omar first rejected ¹²⁹ that suggestion, but then he summoned his son `Abdullah, and said to him: "Will you guarantee <sup>130</sup> that?" And `Abdullah said: "I will."

He fulfilled his promise to his father, and not later than a week after the burial ¹³¹ of his father, `Abdullah carried the borrowed money and paid it back to `Uthman, the new Caliph, and brought the witnesses who had witnessed his pledge to his father before, to testify now that the money had been repaid to the Treasury. What happened was that a small house

belonging to `Omar was sold; and the price was used for the repayment of his debts. This is why that house remained for a long time after it had been sold, bearing the name of "The Repayment House".

The Ramadab (Famine) ¹³² Year: `Omar' s success in tackling <sup>133</sup> all the problems of construction and organization was only parallelled by his success in dispelling <sup>134</sup> all the griefs and worries befalling his subjects. He understood very well the Prophetic Tradition which said: "Everyone of you is a guardian and responsible for those in his charge; the Imam (leader) is a guardian and responsible for his subjects; the man, in his home, is a guardian and responsible for his household; the woman, concerning her husband's property, is a guardian and responsible for what she is entrusted <sup>135</sup> with; the servant, in his master's house, is a guardian and responsible for his custody. <sup>136</sup> So everybody is a guardian and responsible for the charge entrusted to him." And the Commander of the Faithful took very much care to bear that responsibility to the utmost degree of perfection. The nature of his position as he understood it, and as all other rulers of today should, was that he considered himself the guardian of every being on the land of the whole Islamic State. "If a mule <sup>137</sup> stumbled <sup>138</sup> in Iraq, I will be responsible for that before Allah: Why I had not repaired the road for it." And here lies the secret of his greatness. Awe from Allah was always the light that showed him the right path. No wonder, then, that anything he said or did was but an inspiration accompanying the great genius of a man who was always conscious of the Presence of Allah: the Seer, the Cognizant and the Knower. And if `Omar had earned for himself the title of "The Great Architect ¹³⁹ of Islam" in matters dealing with the construction and organization of the State, as we shall see later, he can also be called "The most noble, equitable, and merciful guardian of all his subjects."

We have seen examples of how he was all the time living the problems, worries and troubles of his subjects, and how he always exerted ¹⁴⁰ himself to find solutions for such problems, and thus dispel his people's worries and relieve them of all their troubles. The whole question is a matter of mutual love between the ruler and the subjects that will inevitably ¹⁴¹ lead to mutual ¹⁴² confidence between them. It is not for nothing that Allah, in the Glorious Qur'an, gives His command:

"Obey Allah, and obey the Messenger and the rulers from you." [ The Glorious Qur'an: Chapter:  "Al-Nissa'a", Verse 59.] This, beside other innumerable ¹⁴³ incidents in the reign ¹⁴⁴ of the Commander of the Faithful, might explain why `Omar's earnest zeal always pushed him to do what might raise him to the rank where he, as a ruler and guardian of the Muslim Community (Ummah), would come next to Allah and his Messenger in matters of obedience.

Towards the end of the eighteenth century of the Islamic era, the Arabs of Hidjaz, Tihama and Najd were grievously stricken by drought, which case lasted for over nine months during which ¹⁴⁵ no single drop of rain fell until the earth became ash-grey. ¹⁴⁶ This is why the period is called "The Ramadah Year" or "The Ash Year", indicating the dryness which inflicted the Arabs of those regions with a famine the like of which they had never suffered before.

During such a disaster, `Omar's personality manifested <sup>147</sup> itself in a manner never to be found in any other ruler all through the world history, ancient and modern. That personality which combined firmness with brilliance, endurance with vigour of action, resignation to the Will of Allah with incessant <sup>148</sup> communications with his vicegerents to send whatever help they could, was the most dynamic force that implemented <sup>149</sup> the will of Allah to the benefit of the people. It was the gracious hand that was stretched out to drive away the disaster, and save the people from starvation. <sup>150</sup>`Omar's time, thought and energy were almost confined, day and night, to the wiping out of the tears of the crying youngsters and to the relieving of the pains of the elders - all grievously suffering from the beginning of starvation. During the day, he used to tire himself out in considering the multitudinous ¹⁵¹ affairs of the people. At night, and after saying the last prayers in the mosque, he used to go home and pray as long as he could with his mind, heart and soul, all the time connected to the Heavens, in earnest request that the famine be extinguished. ¹⁵² Then he had a little sleep after which he used to wake up quickly, go out, and walk about, here and there, till he reached the tents of the Bedoums who had come to stay around Madinah in quest of food and water.

The Commander of the Faithful used to walk about by almost every house during the last part of the night to check the people's conditions, doing that at times alone, and at other times accompanied by one of his subordinates ¹⁵³ In most cases, the two were seen going about with sacks of flour and oil, and `Omar distributed them among those who were in need, and perhaps helped them in making the food himself. When the drought was aggravated, <sup>154</sup> and starvation drew nearer and nearer, `Omar did not hesitate to write to his vicegerents in Palestine, Iraq and Syria, commanding them to send food and clothes as early as they could. The first of those was `Amr-ibnul-'As, the Governor of Palestine. `Omar sent him this message:

"In the Name of Allah, Ar-Rahman, the Ever Merciful".

From the servant of Allah, `Omar, the Commander of the Faithful, to the disobedient Ibnul `As. Are you going to wait and see me and everybody here starving, when you and yours are living in affluence? ¹⁵⁵ Succour, ¹⁵⁶ Succour, Succour!"

`Amr's reply came to `Omar immediately, begging him not to worry, and assuring that a long caravan of camels loaded with food and clothes would very soon arrive in Madinah. This did really happen; other vicegerents did the same thing and sent whatever succour they could to `Omar in Madinah. Therefore, he sent men to receive the food and clothes the moment they arrived in Arabia, and then disperse ¹⁵⁷ everywhere in the desert to give whatever help the Bedoums needed. They slaughtered ¹⁵⁸ camels and distributed their meat, and gave the Bedoums flour, oil and clothes.

In Madinah, `Omar himself slaughtered camels everyday: those who were short of food went either to eat and satisfy their hunger, or take home what sufficed <sup>159</sup> them and their households of meat and flour. Thousands of hungry people went everyday for either purpose. As for `Omar himself, he found pleasure in eating with the people. He never favoured himself or his household with anything more than he offered his subjects. Then there came a time when he deprived ¹⁶⁰ himself from eating meat, and after a while, added fat and milk as two other kinds of prohibited food. He enjoined ¹⁶¹ upon himself only one kind of food to eat morning and evening: oil. And he kept being so harsh ¹⁶² and stern upon himself until his face darkened, and emaciation ¹⁶³ was all that could be seen of him in place of the great stature and the ruddy face, signs of the good health `Omar enjoyed before "The Ash Year". The Caliph's household also had to undergo the same harshness and sternness he enjoined upon himself. He never allowed any of them to relish ¹⁶⁴ eating while the people around were hungry. He was filled with grief for what had been afllicting the people, and he underwent the pains of worry and concern about the people's affairs, so much so that his companions were filled with apprehension for his safety.

Amidst all those disastrous ¹⁶⁵ circumstances, the Commander of the Faithful used to perform long prayers in which he prayed Allah, in awe and fear, not to ordain the extinction of the Muslim Community (Muhammad's Ummah) to be at his hands. He one day went up the pulpit and addressed the people, reminding them that what they had been afflicted with might be the result of Allah's discontent with him alone, or with all the Muslims excluding him, or with all of them together. But whether it was this or that or otherwise, they had to repent ¹⁶⁶ whatever sins they might have committed and ask for Allah's forgiveness. Then `Omar called them for the prayer for rain which they all performed behind him. A few days later, rain fell heavily. It seemed as though Allah had responded to `Omar's prayers. That was what `Omar had been taught by his friend and master, Allah's Peace and Blessings be upon him, i.e. to perform the prayer for rain whenever there was drought, and ask for Allah's forgiveness thenceforth. ¹⁶⁷ That is the guidance of the revelation of Allah in the Glorious Qur'an:

"So I said: `Ask forgiveness from your Lord; for certainly He is Ever-Forgiving. He will said rain to you in abundance." [ The Glorious Qur'an: Chapter: "Noah", verses , 10, 11.]

During "The Ash Year" `Omar suspended <sup>168</sup> the collection of the poor-due; <sup>169</sup> but the year after, when conditions became better, he sent the tax-collectors every where to levy the alms, <sup>170</sup>  in double value, then divide half of it among the badly-off <sup>171</sup> people of the tribes, and bring to him the other half, to go to the Treasury. May Allah be pleased with you, O `Omar, the most honest and God-fearing guardian of Islam and the Muslims.